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Padrões, pesquisa e protocolos

Não são empresas vendendo algo, ou não apenas isso: os laboratórios, fundações e especificações sobre os quais as fichas comerciais foram construídas.

19 empresas

1898 - presentBell Labs, Lucent & Alcatel - the transistor's bloodlineThe transistor, information theory, Unix, the laser, cellular - ten Nobel Prizes of foundations, spun into Lucent in 1996, merged with Alcatel in 2006, carried into Nokia in 2016.fabricante

1901 - presentNBS / NIST - the measurement laboratory that tested the standardsSomebody has to decide whether two implementations of a specification actually interoperate, and it is not usually the people who wrote it.

1906 - presentXerox - the company that fumbled the futureXerography built the empire; PARC invented Ethernet, the GUI, and laser printing - and networking's history runs through that lab.fabricante

1934 - presentUSP - where a lot of this startedBrazilian public university whose computing departments seeded the industry around it.serviços

1948 - presentRAND Corporation - where packet switching was imaginedPaul Baran's 1964 'On Distributed Communications' argued a network with no center could survive anything - AT&T declined to build it; the internet did.

1948 - presentBBN - the contractor that built the first networkA research firm won the ARPANET contract, and the packet switch became a product because somebody had to manufacture it.serviços

1958 - presentMITRE - the not-for-profit that sits between buyer and vendorAn organisation with no product to sell, advising the customer who is buying everybody else's.serviços

1962 - presentUnicamp - the other half of the São Paulo pipelinePublic university at the centre of a regional technology cluster.serviços

1971 - presentCYCLADES (IRIA, France)Where the datagram was born.

1972 - 1998The Telebrás System (Telebrás, Telesp, Embratel)Nine hundred telephone companies became one, then twelve, then a handful owned elsewhere.operadora

1974 - 1992The Brazilian market reserve (Cobra, Scopus, Itautec)A policy that failed at its stated goal and succeeded at one nobody wrote down.fabricante · treinamento

1976 - presentCPqDThe state research centre that survived the privatisation of the state.serviços · treinamento

1982 - presentCompTIAIts entire value was being owned by nobody, and in 2024 it was bought.treinamento

1983 - presentDNS & BIND - the internet's phone book and its reference implementationMockapetris's 1983 design and Berkeley's software that ran it - delegation, caching, and forty years of the same wire format.

1986 - presentNCSA - the campus lab that made the web visibleMosaic gave the web a face in 1993; NCSA httpd's orphaned patches became Apache; NCSA Telnet networked a generation of campuses.

1989 - presentHTTP & Gopher - the web's protocol and the rival it eclipsedTwo futures shipped in 1991; one spring of licensing decided between them - CERN gave the web away, Minnesota asked for money.

1995 - presentThe Apache Software FoundationThe web server that ran the web, built by eight people trading patches by email.fabricante

1999 - presentFreeRADIUSAuthenticates about a third of the people on the internet, and has had the same project leader since 1999.fabricante

2001 - presentEC-CouncilThe most required certification in its field, and the most argued about, which are the same fact seen twice.treinamento

Todas as empresas, em ordem