Vendor lineage
Unicamp - the other half of the São Paulo pipeline
Public university at the centre of a regional technology cluster.
Unicamp sits at the middle of the Campinas technology region, and its presence explains why a large share of Brazilian hardware and telecommunications work happened in a specific hundred kilometres rather than being spread across the country.
Technology clusters are not accidents of geography and they are not policy successes either; they are what happens when a university, a set of employers and a labour market that can move between them end up close enough that changing jobs does not mean changing cities.
That proximity is the thing that is hard to reproduce, and it is why regional development schemes that fund buildings without a university rarely produce a cluster.